ਨਿਆਂਇਕ ਸਮੀਖਿਆ

Three Grounds — Illegality, irrationality, and procedural impropriety (GCHQ [1985]).

Proportionality — Applied where fundamental rights are engaged (post-HRA 1998).

Standing — The applicant must have 'sufficient interest' (s.31(3) Senior Courts Act 1981).

Permission Stage — Claims must be arguable and brought within 3 months.

Remedies — Quashing orders, mandatory orders, prohibiting orders, declarations, injunctions.

Ouster Clauses — Courts resist attempts to exclude judicial review (Anisminic [1969]).