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UK Law Reference

Legal Journeys

Step-by-step procedural timelines for real legal situations in England & Wales. Each journey maps every stage of a legal process — from first action to final outcome — with forms, deadlines, fees, and common mistakes.

60 journeys
Criminal Law
England & Wales

Arrest to police interview journey

Step-by-step from arrest through PACE rights, custody, interview, to release or charge.

5 stagesHours to 96 hours (with extensions)
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Immigration Law
UK-wide

Asylum claim journey

From screening interview through substantive interview, decision, and appeal route.

5 stages6–24 months (highly variable)
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Criminal Law
England & Wales

Bail application journey

Police bail, magistrates' bail application, and Crown Court / High Court appeals.

5 stagesHours to weeks
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Social Security Law
England & Wales

Benefit Appeal Journey (UC, PIP, ESA, etc.)

The process for challenging a Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) benefit decision through Mandatory Reconsideration and, if necessary, the Social Entitlement Chamber of the First-tier Tribunal.

7 stages3–15 months from initial decision to tribunal hearing
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Family Law
England & Wales

Care proceedings journey (children)

Local authority application for care or supervision order under s.31 Children Act 1989.

6 stages26 weeks (statutory target)
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Civil Procedure
England & Wales

CCJ set-aside journey

Set aside a default County Court Judgment under CPR 13.

4 stages1–3 months
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Family Law
England & Wales

Child Arrangements Order Journey

From separation through MIAM, mediation, C100 application, FHDRA, fact-finding (if needed), final hearing, and order.

6 stages6–12 months (often longer if fact-finding required)
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Family Law
UK-wide

Child maintenance challenge journey

Challenge a Child Maintenance Service decision through mandatory reconsideration and tribunal appeal.

3 stages3–9 months
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Civil Procedure
England & Wales

Civil Claim Journey (County Court)

The end-to-end process for bringing or defending a civil money claim in the County Court, from pre-action protocol through to enforcement of judgment.

11 stages6–18 months (small claims faster; multi-track can take 2+ years)
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Civil Procedure
England & Wales

Civil injunction journey

Apply for an injunction (interim or final) to restrain conduct or compel action.

5 stagesDays (urgent) to 12+ months (final)
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Mental Capacity
England & Wales

Court of Protection Journey

The process for applying to the Court of Protection for an order to manage the property, finances, health, or welfare of a person who lacks mental capacity, from initial application to ongoing supervision.

6 stages4–12 months for a straightforward deputyship order; faster for urgent welfare orders
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Criminal Law
England & Wales

Criminal appeal journey

From conviction or sentence through Court of Appeal Criminal Division to Supreme Court.

5 stages12–24 months from notice of appeal
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Criminal Law
England & Wales

Criminal Case Journey

The complete journey of a criminal case through the English and Welsh courts, from arrest or voluntary interview through charge, first appearance, trial, sentencing, and appeal.

9 stagesMagistrates: 3–9 months; Crown Court: 1–3 years
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Criminal Law
England & Wales

Crown Court trial journey

Indictable-only and elected either-way offences — from sending hearing to verdict and sentence.

6 stages6–24 months from charge
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Data Protection
England & Wales

Data Protection Complaint Journey

The process for exercising data subject rights, making a complaint to the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO), and pursuing compensation through the courts if your data protection rights are breached.

6 stages3–18 months from DSAR to potential court action
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Civil Procedure
England & Wales

Debt enforcement journey (post-judgment)

Enforce a CCJ via the County Court bailiffs, High Court enforcement, charging order, attachment of earnings, or third-party debt order.

4 stages1–12 months depending on method
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Civil Procedure
England & Wales

Debt Enforcement Journey (Winning Claimant)

After obtaining a County Court Judgment (CCJ) or High Court judgment, this is the step-by-step process for enforcing payment when the judgment debtor refuses to pay voluntarily.

8 stagesVariable — from weeks (successful HCEO) to years (charging order)
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Civil Litigation
England & Wales

Defamation claim journey

Libel or slander claim under the Defamation Act 2013 — pre-action protocol, statement of case, and trial.

5 stages12–24 months
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Media & Defamation
England & Wales

Defamation Claim Journey

The process for bringing or defending a defamation claim (libel or slander) under the Defamation Act 2013, from the pre-action letter of claim to trial and assessment of damages.

6 stages18–36 months from cause of action to trial
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Housing Law
England only

Defending Possession Proceedings (post-Section 21)

For tenants served with a Section 8 notice (or pre-RRA Section 21 notice still in train), how to defend possession proceedings from notice to hearing.

6 stages2–6 months from notice to hearing
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Employment Law
UK-wide

Discrimination claim journey (Employment Tribunal)

Equality Act 2010 discrimination claim from grievance through ACAS EC, ET1, hearing, and remedy.

6 stages12–24 months
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Family Law
England & Wales

Divorce & Financial Remedy Journey

The complete process for obtaining a divorce under the Divorce, Dissolution and Separation Act 2020 (no-fault divorce), together with the financial remedy procedure for resolving financial arrangements on divorce.

10 stagesDivorce alone: 6–9 months minimum. Financial remedy: 9–24 months if contested.
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Family Law
England & Wales

Divorce Journey (No-Fault, England & Wales)

The full divorce process under the Divorce, Dissolution and Separation Act 2020: application, 20-week reflection, Conditional Order, Final Order, and financial remedy.

8 stages6–9 months for divorce itself; financial remedy can take 12–24 months
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Employment Law
England & Wales

Employment Tribunal Journey

The complete process for bringing an employment claim from ACAS Early Conciliation through to tribunal hearing, judgment, and potential appeal to the Employment Appeal Tribunal.

12 stages12–24 months from ACAS notification to final hearing
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Immigration Law
UK-wide

Family visa journey

Spouse, partner, parent, or child visa under Appendix FM of the Immigration Rules.

4 stages8–12 weeks (standard)
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Consumer Law
UK-wide

FCA / FOS financial complaint journey

Bank, insurer, investment, mortgage, or pension complaint through firm → FOS → court.

5 stages3–18 months
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Family Law
England & Wales

Financial remedy journey (divorce)

Financial settlement after divorce — Form A, financial disclosure, FDA, FDR, and final hearing.

6 stages12–24 months
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Civil Litigation
England & Wales

Harassment injunction journey (civil)

Civil injunction under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 to restrain a course of conduct.

5 stagesWeeks (interim) to 6 months (final)
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Housing Law
England only

Homelessness application journey

Apply to the local authority for accommodation under Part VII Housing Act 1996.

6 stagesInitial decision within 56 days; reviews and appeals up to 6 months
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Housing Law
England & Wales

Housing Disrepair Claim Journey

From identifying disrepair through pre-action protocol, expert evidence, and either negotiation or County Court proceedings.

7 stages6–18 months (often resolved in protocol stage)
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Housing Law
England & Wales

Housing Possession Journey

The legal process by which a landlord seeks to recover possession of a rented property, from serving notice through to court hearing, possession order, and enforcement by bailiffs.

8 stages3–12 months from notice to eviction, depending on track and court delays
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Data Protection & Privacy
UK-wide

ICO Complaint Journey

From data protection breach to ICO investigation outcome and any onward appeal to the First-tier Tribunal.

5 stages3–9 months from complaint to ICO decision
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Immigration Law
England & Wales

Immigration Appeal Journey

The process for challenging a refused immigration or visa decision through the First-tier Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber), with the option to seek permission to appeal to the Upper Tribunal.

8 stages12–24 months from notice of appeal to First-tier decision
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Immigration Law
UK-wide

Immigration Appeal Journey (First-tier Tribunal)

Appealing a Home Office immigration or asylum refusal to the First-tier Tribunal (IAC) and onward to the Upper Tribunal.

6 stages6–18 months from refusal to substantive hearing
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Health & Social Care
England only

Independent Complaints Advocacy Service journey (NHS)

Using ICAS to support an NHS complaint and onward referral to PHSO.

4 stages3–12 months
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Public Law
England & Wales

Judicial Review Journey

The procedure for challenging the lawfulness of a public body's decision or action in the Administrative Court, from pre-action protocol letter to substantive hearing and remedies.

6 stages12–24 months from pre-action protocol to substantive hearing
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Public Law
England & Wales

Judicial Review Journey (Administrative Court)

Challenging a public body's decision: pre-action protocol, permission application, substantive hearing, remedies and appeal.

6 stages6–18 months (urgent JR can be days)
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Housing Law
England & Wales

Leasehold service charge dispute journey

Challenge unreasonable service charges in the First-tier Tribunal (Property Chamber).

4 stages6–12 months
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Criminal Law
England & Wales

Magistrates' Court Trial Journey

From charge or summons through plea, case management, summary trial, and sentence.

7 stages3–9 months from charge to sentence
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Housing Law
England & Wales

Mortgage repossession defence journey

Defend a mortgage possession claim from notice through court hearing to time-orders and appeals.

4 stages2–4 months from claim to hearing
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Immigration Law
UK-wide

Naturalisation journey

From eligibility check (ILR + residence + Life in UK + English) to citizenship ceremony.

5 stages6–12 months
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Family Law
England & Wales

Non-Molestation Order Application Journey

Family Court applications for non-molestation and occupation orders under the Family Law Act 1996 — from emergency application to final order.

6 stagesEmergency hearing same day or within days; final order within 4–8 weeks
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Public Law
UK-wide

Ofcom complaint journey

Broadcasting Code, telecoms, postal, and Online Safety Act complaints to Ofcom.

5 stages3–12 months
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Public Law
UK-wide

Ombudsman complaint journey (generic)

Generic pathway: organisation complaint → ombudsman scheme → onward review.

5 stages3–12 months
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Civil Litigation
England & Wales

Personal injury claim journey

Claim from accident through pre-action protocol, medical evidence, settlement, or trial.

5 stages12–36 months
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Planning Law
England & Wales

Planning Appeal Journey

The process for appealing a refused planning permission application to the Planning Inspectorate, from submission of the appeal to final decision and costs.

9 stagesWritten representations: 8–16 weeks. Hearing: 6–12 months. Inquiry: 12–24 months.
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Wills & Estates
England & Wales

Probate Application Journey

The process for applying for a Grant of Probate (with a will) or Letters of Administration (without a will), from registering the death through to administering the estate and completing final accounts.

8 stages3–12 months for straightforward estates; up to 2 years for complex or disputed estates
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Employment Law
UK-wide

Redundancy challenge journey

Challenge an unfair redundancy through internal appeal, ACAS conciliation, and Employment Tribunal.

5 stages6–18 months
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Housing Law
England only

Rent Repayment Order (RRO) claim journey

Tenant claim for up to 12 months' rent back from a landlord who has committed certain housing offences (e.g. illegal eviction, unprotected deposit, HMO without licence).

4 stages3–9 months
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Criminal Law
England & Wales

Restraining order journey (criminal)

Restraining order under s.5 / s.5A Protection from Harassment Act 1997, on conviction or acquittal.

4 stagesMade at sentence or at end of acquittal hearing
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Education Law
England only

School complaint journey

From class teacher → headteacher → governors → academy trust / LA → Secretary of State.

5 stages1–6 months
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Education Law
England & Wales

SEND Tribunal Appeal Journey

From EHCP refusal or non-amendment to mediation, SEND tribunal hearing, and decision on Sections B, F, I.

7 stages4–10 months from appeal to hearing
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Employment Law
UK-wide

Settlement agreement journey

From employer's offer through independent advice, negotiation, and signing of a binding s.203 ERA 1996 settlement.

5 stages2–6 weeks
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Immigration Law
UK-wide

Skilled Worker visa application journey

From sponsor Certificate of Sponsorship through Home Office decision to BRP and ILR.

5 stages3 weeks (standard) to 5 working days (priority)
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Civil Procedure
England & Wales

Small Claims Track Journey

The small claims process for civil claims up to £10,000 — from letter before claim through online filing, mediation, hearing, and enforcement.

7 stages4–9 months from filing to judgment
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Civil Procedure
England & Wales

Small Claims Track Journey (up to £10,000)

The streamlined process for resolving straightforward civil disputes worth up to £10,000 in the County Court small claims track — designed to be used without a solicitor.

8 stages3–9 months from issue to hearing
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Employment Law
England & Wales

Unfair Dismissal Tribunal Claim Journey

End-to-end Employment Tribunal route from dismissal through ACAS Early Conciliation to ET1, ET3, preliminary hearing, final hearing, and remedy.

8 stages6–18 months from dismissal to remedy hearing
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Employment Law
UK-wide

Unpaid wages claim journey

Employment Tribunal claim for unlawful deduction from wages under s.13 ERA 1996.

5 stages6–12 months
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Criminal Law
England & Wales

Victim reporting journey

From crime to police report, CPS charging, court process, and Victims' Right to Review.

6 stagesMonths to years
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Employment Law
UK-wide

Whistleblowing claim journey

Protected disclosure detriment or dismissal claim under PIDA 1998 / ERA 1996.

5 stages12–24 months
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