能源法

Ofgem — The independent regulator of gas and electricity markets, responsible for protecting consumers, promoting competition, and ensuring security of supply.

Licensing — Electricity generators, distributors, and suppliers must hold licences from Ofgem. The licence conditions set out obligations on price, service quality, and consumer protection.

Price Cap — Ofgem sets a price cap on default energy tariffs (the 'energy price cap') to protect consumers from excessive charges. The cap is updated quarterly.

Renewable Energy — The UK promotes renewable energy through Contracts for Difference (CfDs), the Renewables Obligation, feed-in tariffs (legacy), and the Smart Export Guarantee. Planning permission is governed by the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 and the Planning Act 2008 (for nationally significant infrastructure).

Net Zero — The Climate Change Act 2008 (as amended) requires the UK to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Carbon budgets are set by the Secretary of State on advice from the Climate Change Committee.

Nuclear — Nuclear installations are regulated by the Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR). Operators must hold a nuclear site licence. Liability for nuclear incidents is governed by the Nuclear Installations Act 1965 (strict liability on the licensee).

Oil and Gas — The North Sea Transition Authority (formerly Oil and Gas Authority) regulates exploration and production. The Energy Profits Levy (windfall tax) applies to oil and gas companies' profits.

Consumer Switching — Consumers have the right to switch energy supplier. Ofgem regulates the switching process and requires suppliers to provide clear tariff information.