Y Cyfeirlyfr Cyfraith Lloegr Am Ddim Gorau
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Recent Legal Updates
Employment Rights Act 2025
Landmark Act in force from 16 May 2025: day-one unfair dismissal protection, flexible working as default, fire-and-rehire restrictions, SSP from day one, and a new Fair Work Agency.
Read updateRenters' Rights Act 2025
The Renters' Rights Act abolishes Section 21 no-fault evictions and creates a new assured tenancy framework for the private rented sector in England.
Read updateOnline Safety Act 2023
The Online Safety Act 2023 imposes new duties on internet platforms and introduces criminal offences covering cyberflashing, false communications, and intimate image abuse.
Read updateMeysydd y Gyfraith
Trosolwg cynhwysfawr o bob maes cyfreithiol pwysig yng nghyfraith Lloegr.
Cyfraith Contractau
Ffurfio, telerau, torri a rhwymedïau mewn cytundebau cyfreithiol.
ArchwilioCyfraith Camwedd
Camweddau sifil gan gynnwys esgeulustod, niwsans, enllib ac atebolrwydd.
ArchwilioCyfraith Droseddol
Troseddau yn erbyn personau ac eiddo, amddiffyniadau, dedfrydu a gweithdrefn droseddol.
ArchwilioCyfraith Eiddo
Cyfraith tir, trawsgludo, prydlesi, morgeisi a hawliau eiddo deallusol.
ArchwilioCyfraith Teulu
Priodas, ysgariad, gwarchodaeth plant, mabwysiadu ac amddiffyn rhag cam-drin domestig.
ArchwilioCyfraith Cwmnïau a Masnachol
Ffurfio cwmnïau, dyletswyddau cyfarwyddwyr, ansolfedd a chyfraith partneriaeth.
ArchwilioCyfraith Gyhoeddus a Gweinyddol
Adolygiad barnwrol, pwerau cyrff cyhoeddus ac egwyddorion cyfiawnder gweinyddol.
ArchwilioHawliau Dynol a Chyfraith yr UE
Deddf Hawliau Dynol 1998, hawliau'r ECHR a chyfraith yr UE a gadwyd ar ôl Brexit.
ArchwilioEcwiti ac Ymddiriedolaethau
Ymddiriedolaethau datganedig, canlyniadol ac adeiladol, dyletswyddau ymddiried a rhwymedïau ecwitïol.
ArchwilioCyfraith Gyfansoddiadol
Sofraniaeth seneddol, rheolaeth y gyfraith, gwahanu pwerau a datganoli.
ArchwilioTystiolaeth a Gweithdrefn
Rheolau tystiolaeth, baich y prawf, gweithdrefn sifil a throseddol.
ArchwilioCyfraith Mewnfudo a Lloches
Fisâu, ceisiadau lloches, allgludo, yr hawl i aros a thribiwnlysoedd.
ArchwilioCyfraith Amgylcheddol
Rheoli llygredd, dyletswyddau hinsawdd, cynllunio a chadwraeth natur.
ArchwilioCyfraith Dreth
Treth incwm, TAW, enillion cyfalaf, treth gorfforaethol a phwerau CThEM.
ArchwilioEiddo Deallusol
Patentau, nodau masnach, hawlfraint, hawliau dylunio a gorfodaeth ED.
ArchwilioDiogelu Data a Phreifatrwydd
UK GDPR, Deddf Diogelu Data 2018, gorfodaeth ICO a hawliau.
ArchwilioCyfraith Feddygol a Iechyd
Cydsyniad i driniaeth, esgeulustod clinigol, iechyd meddwl a hawliau cleifion.
ArchwilioAmddiffyn Defnyddwyr
Hawliau defnyddwyr, diogelwch cynnyrch, masnachu annheg a gorfodaeth CMA.
ArchwilioCyfraith Bancio a Chyllid
Rheoliadau FCA, credyd defnyddwyr, gwasanaethau ariannol a gwrth-wyngalchu arian.
ArchwilioCyfraith Cystadleuaeth
Cytundebau gwrthgystadleuol, camddefnyddio safle dominyddol, uno a gorfodaeth CMA.
ArchwilioCyfraith Yswiriant
Contractau yswiriant, dyletswydd cyflwyno teg, hawliadau a fframwaith rheoleiddio.
ArchwilioCyfraith Adeiladu
Contractau adeiladu, dyfarnu, diffygion, iechyd a diogelwch a chaffael.
ArchwilioCyfraith Cynllunio
Caniatâd cynllunio, datblygiad a ganiateir, gorfodaeth, apeliadau ac effaith amgylcheddol.
ArchwilioCyfraith Addysg
Derbyniadau ysgol, anghenion addysgol arbennig, gwaharddiadau a llywodraethu academïau.
ArchwilioCyfraith Les Cymdeithasol
Credyd Cynhwysol, budd-daliadau anabledd, apeliadau a thribiwnlysoedd.
ArchwilioCyfraith Elusennau
Sefydlu elusennau, rheoliad y Comisiwn a dyletswyddau ymddiriedolwyr.
ArchwilioCyfraith Pensiynau
Pensiynau gweithle, cofrestru awtomatig, cynlluniau pensiwn a'r Rheoleiddiwr.
ArchwilioCymrodeddu ac ADR
Cymrodeddu, cyfryngu, dyfarnu a dulliau amgen o ddatrys anghydfodau.
ArchwilioCyfraith Forwrol
Awdurdodaeth y llynges fasnach, cludo nwyddau dros y môr, achub a gwrthdrawiadau.
ArchwilioCyfraith Filwrol
Disgyblaeth y lluoedd arfog, llys milwrol, cwynion gwasanaeth a chyfiawnder milwrol.
ArchwilioCyfraith Chwaraeon
Rheoleiddio chwaraeon, gwrth-gyffuriau, gweithdrefnau disgyblu a hawliau darlledu.
ArchwilioCyfraith y Cyfryngau
Rheoleiddio darlledu, rhyddid mynegiant, dirmyg a chyfyngiadau adrodd.
ArchwilioGwrthdaro Cyfreithiau
Awdurdodaeth, cyfraith berthnasol a chydnabod dyfarniadau tramor.
ArchwilioCyfraith Caffael
Contractau cyhoeddus, Deddf Caffael 2023, rhwymedïau a chaffael sector.
ArchwilioCyfraith Trwyddedu
Trwyddedau alcohol, adloniant, tacsis a hapchwarae.
ArchwilioCyfraith Ansolfedd
Ansolfedd corfforaethol a phersonol, gweinyddu, dirwyn i ben a threfniadau.
ArchwilioIechyd a Diogelwch
Dyletswyddau diogelwch yn y gweithle, gorfodaeth HSE, RIDDOR a dynladdiad corfforaethol.
ArchwilioCyfraith Traffig Ffordd
Troseddau gyrru, yfed a gyrru, pwyntiau cosb a gofynion yswiriant.
ArchwilioCyfraith Reoleiddiol
Rheoliadau FCA, CMA, Ofcom, Ofgem, rheoleiddio proffesiynol ac ymchwiliadau.
ArchwilioEwyllysiau a Phrofiant
Dosbarthu eiddo ar ôl marwolaeth, dilysrwydd ewyllys a rheolau diffyg ewyllys.
ArchwilioCyfraith Landlord a Thenant
Tenantiaethau preswyl a masnachol, amddiffyniad tenantiaid a gorchmynion meddiannu.
ArchwilioCyfraith Carchar a Pharôl
Carcharu, hawliau carcharorion, parôl, amodau trwydded a disgyblaeth.
ArchwilioCrwneriaid a Chwestau
Y fframwaith gyfreithiol ar gyfer ymchwilio i farwolaethau a gweithdrefn y cwest.
ArchwilioCyfraith Gwrth-derfysgaeth
Atal, ymchwilio ac erlyn terfysgaeth, gwahardd sefydliadau a TPIMau.
ArchwilioLles Anifeiliaid a Chyfraith Amaethyddol
Amddiffyn anifeiliaid, rheoleiddio arferion ffermio a chymorthdaliadau ar ôl Brexit.
ArchwilioCyfraith Etholiadol a Gwleidyddol
Etholiadau, cyllido ymgyrchoedd, twyll etholiadol a rheoleiddio pleidiau.
ArchwilioCyfraith Hedfan a Thrafnidiaeth
Teithio awyr, hawliau teithwyr, rheoleiddio dronau a rheilffyrdd.
ArchwilioCyfraith Hapchwarae
Trwyddedau hapchwarae, rheoleiddio betio ar-lein ac amddiffyn defnyddwyr.
ArchwilioCyfraith Seiber a Thechnoleg
Seiberdroseddu, diogelwch ar-lein, rheoleiddio AI a masnach electronig.
ArchwilioCyfraith Ynni
Rheoleiddio ynni, Ofgem, ynni adnewyddadwy, niwclear a rhwymedigaethau sero net.
ArchwilioCyfraith Eglwysig
Cyfraith yr Eglwys yng Nghymru, awdurdodaeth cyfadran a rhyddid crefyddol.
ArchwilioCyfraith Cenedligrwydd
Dinasyddiaeth Prydeinig, naturoli, amddifadu o ddinasyddiaeth a threftadaeth Windrush.
ArchwilioRheoleiddio Gwasanaethau Ariannol
Rheoliadau FCA/PRA, awdurdodi, camddefnydd marchnad a chredyd defnyddwyr.
ArchwilioCyfraith Ecstradodi
Deddf Ecstradodi 2003, ecstradodi a rhwystrau hawliau dynol.
ArchwilioCyfraith Dedfrydu
Canllawiau dedfrydu, dedfrydau carchar a chymunedol, ffactorau gwaethygu a lliniaru.
ArchwilioAdolygiad Barnwrol
Herio penderfyniadau cyrff cyhoeddus, seiliau adolygu a rhwymedïau.
ArchwilioCyfraith Gwybodaeth
Rhyddid gwybodaeth, goruchwyliaeth a phwerau ymchwilio.
ArchwilioCyfraith Ryngwladol
Cytuniadau, cyfraith arferiadol, cyfraith ddyngarol, imiwnedd gwladwriaeth a braint diplomyddol.
ArchwilioDiogelwch Adeiladau
Diwygiadau ar ôl Grenfell, Deddf Diogelwch Adeiladau 2022 ac adfer cladio.
ArchwilioCyfraith Llywodraeth Leol
Pwerau cynghorau, is-ddeddfau, treth cyngor, safonau a dyletswyddau.
ArchwilioCyfraith Ffoaduriaid a Lloches
Confensiwn Ffoaduriaid, gweithdrefnau lloches a rheolau trydydd gwlad diogel.
ArchwilioCyfraith Iechyd Meddwl
Asesiad, cadw a thriniaeth personau â anhwylderau meddyliol.
ArchwilioCydraddoldeb a Gwahaniaethu
Amddiffyniad rhag gwahaniaethu ar sail nodweddion gwarchodedig.
ArchwilioPwerau'r Heddlu (PACE)
Chwilio a stopio, arestio, cadw a ymchwilio o dan PACE 1984.
ArchwilioTwyll a Throseddau Economaidd
Troseddau twyll, gwyngalchu arian, llwgrwobrwyo ac elw troseddol.
ArchwilioCaethwasiaeth Fodern a Masnachu
Deddf Caethwasiaeth Fodern 2015, adnabod dioddefwyr a'r Mecanwaith Atgyfeirio Cenedlaethol.
ArchwilioDefamation & Privacy
Law of libel, slander, and protection of private information including the Defamation Act 2013.
ArchwilioFood Safety & Standards
Regulation of food production, sale, and safety standards under the Food Safety Act 1990 and EU-retained law.
ArchwilioTai Cymdeithasol
Dyrannu tai cymdeithasol, dyletswyddau digartrefedd, yr hawl i brynu a rheoleiddio.
ArchwilioTreftadaeth ac Adeiladau Rhestredig
Amddiffyn adeiladau rhestredig, ardaloedd cadwraeth a henebion.
ArchwilioCyfraith Dŵr a Charthffosiaeth
Rheoleiddio cyflenwad dŵr, carthffosiaeth, ansawdd dŵr a llygredd.
ArchwilioCyfraith Telathrebu
Rheoleiddio cyfathrebiadau electronig, darlledu a thelathrebu.
ArchwilioRheoleiddio Cyffuriau a Sylweddau
Dosbarthu a rheoli cyffuriau, troseddau cyffuriau a sylweddau seicoweithredol.
ArchwilioGofal Plant a Diogelu
Fframwaith gyfreithiol ar gyfer amddiffyn plant, achosion gofal a dyletswyddau diogelu.
ArchwilioCyfraith Claddu ac Amlosgi
Gofynion cyfreithiol ar gyfer claddu, amlosgi, datgladdu a rheoli mynwentydd.
ArchwilioGwastraff a Rheoleiddio Amgylcheddol
Dyletswydd gofal gwastraff, tipio anghyfreithlon, trwyddedau a thrwyddedu.
ArchwilioCyfraith Cyd-fyw
Hawliau cyplau dibriod, anghydfodau eiddo, plant a diwedd perthynas.
ArchwilioLlys Gwarchod
Galluedd meddyliol, atwrneiaeth barhaol, dirprwyaeth a phenderfyniadau lles.
ArchwilioCyfraith Manwerthu ac E-fasnach
Hawliau defnyddwyr mewn gwerthiannau ar-lein a siop, gwerthu o bell a chynnwys digidol.
ArchwilioCyfraith AI a Thechnoleg
Rheoleiddio deallusrwydd artiffisial, atebolrwydd algorithmig a gwneud penderfyniadau awtomataidd.
ArchwilioDisgyblu Proffesiynol
Achosion addasrwydd i ymarfer, tribiwnlysoedd rheoleiddiol a safonau proffesiynol.
ArchwilioEmployment Law
Rights and obligations of employers and employees, including dismissal, discrimination, pay, and TUPE.
ArchwilioCivil Litigation
The procedural framework for resolving civil disputes in the courts of England & Wales, governed by the Civil Procedure Rules 1998.
ArchwilioNeighbour Disputes
Legal rights and remedies for disputes between neighbours, including noise, boundaries, overhanging trees, party walls, and anti-social behaviour.
ArchwilioClinical Negligence
Legal framework for claims arising from substandard medical treatment, including the duty of care, the Bolam/Bolitho standard, causation, and informed consent.
ArchwilioCommercial Law
The legal framework governing commercial transactions — the sale of goods, agency relationships, exclusion clauses, and international trade.
ArchwilioOnline Harassment Law
Criminal offences and civil remedies for stalking, harassment, intimate image abuse, and other harmful online conduct under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 and the Online Safety Act 2023.
ArchwilioDebt Enforcement Law
The legal framework for enforcing civil court judgments and managing unmanageable debt, including bailiff powers, charging orders, attachment of earnings, and insolvency options.
ArchwilioRestitution and Unjust Enrichment
The law of restitution reverses unjust enrichment: a remedy where one party has been enriched at another's expense in circumstances the law considers unjust.
ArchwilioPartnership and Agency Law
The law governing partnerships (general and limited), limited liability partnerships, and the agency relationships through which businesses act.
ArchwilioBills of Exchange and Negotiable Instruments
The law of bills of exchange, promissory notes, cheques, and other negotiable instruments under the Bills of Exchange Act 1882 and Cheques Act 1957.
ArchwilioSexual Offences
The law of rape, sexual assault, position-of-trust offences, image-based offences, and consent under the Sexual Offences Act 2003 and subsequent amendments.
ArchwilioPublic Order Offences
Riot, violent disorder, affray, threatening behaviour, harassment, and protest-related offences under the Public Order Act 1986 and later amendments.
ArchwilioEU Retained Law (Assimilated Law)
What 'retained EU law' is, how it has been re-labelled 'assimilated law' under the REUL Act 2023, and what remains in force.
ArchwilioScots Delict (Civil Wrongs)
The Scots law of delict — the doctrine governing civil wrongs, broadly analogous to English tort but with distinct concepts of culpa, damnum, and proximity.
ArchwilioScottish Criminal Procedure
The structure of summary and solemn procedure in Scotland — Sheriff Court, High Court of Justiciary, the 'not proven' verdict, and the corroboration rule.
ArchwilioScots Land Law and the Land Register
Scottish conveyancing — the abolition of feudal tenure, the Land Register of Scotland, and how Scots land law differs from English property law.
ArchwilioScots Family Law
Marriage, divorce, civil partnership, financial provision, and children — Scots family law and how it differs from the position in England & Wales.
ArchwilioScottish Housing Law
The 'Private Residential Tenancy' under the Private Housing (Tenancies) (Scotland) Act 2016, Scottish secure tenancies, and possession in Scotland.
ArchwilioNorthern Ireland Constitutional Framework
The Good Friday Agreement, the Northern Ireland Act 1998, and the constitutional position of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom.
ArchwilioNorthern Ireland Private Tenancies
Northern Ireland's distinctive private rented sector regime — the Private Tenancies (NI) Order 2006 and Private Tenancies Act (NI) 2022.
ArchwilioNorthern Ireland Court Structure
The structure of the NI courts: Magistrates' Court, County Court, Crown Court, High Court of NI, NI Court of Appeal, and the Supreme Court.
ArchwilioWelsh Occupation Contracts (Renting Homes Wales)
Wales's distinctive private rented sector regime under the Renting Homes (Wales) Act 2016 — replacing assured shorthold tenancies with occupation contracts.
ArchwilioWelsh Language Rights and Standards
Welsh language as an official language of Wales — the Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011, Welsh Language Standards, and the role of the Welsh Language Commissioner.
ArchwilioWelsh Social Services and Care (SSWB Act 2014)
The Social Services and Well-being (Wales) Act 2014 — Wales's distinctive social-care framework, well-being duties, and assessment regime.
ArchwilioCriminal Defences (Self-Defence, Duress, Insanity & More)
The general defences in English criminal law: self-defence, duress, necessity, intoxication, insanity, diminished responsibility, automatism, loss of control, and consent — when they apply, the evidential burden, and how the prosecution rebuts them.
ArchwilioGig Economy and Worker Status
How English employment law classifies people who work in the 'gig economy' — employee, worker (limb (b)), self-employed — and the rights that follow. Covers Uber BV v Aslam, Pimlico Plumbers, Deliveroo, and the IR35 tax-side treatment.
ArchwilioPIP and Universal Credit Appeals
How to challenge a DWP decision on Personal Independence Payment (PIP), Universal Credit (UC), and other social-security benefits — Mandatory Reconsideration, then First-tier Tribunal (Social Entitlement Chamber), then the Upper Tribunal (AAC).
ArchwilioCivil Evidence and Procedure
Evidence rules in civil litigation under English law — hearsay (Civil Evidence Act 1995), expert evidence (CPR Part 35), disclosure (Standard, Issues-based, Model), witness statements (CPR Part 32), without prejudice privilege, and legal professional privilege.
ArchwilioMens Rea Doctrines (Intention, Recklessness, Negligence, Strict Liability)
The mental-element doctrines in English criminal law — direct and oblique intention (Woollin), subjective recklessness (Cunningham/G), negligence, and strict-liability offences. How each is proven and what the prosecution must establish.
ArchwilioInchoate Offences and Accomplices (Attempt, Conspiracy, Aiding)
The 'incomplete' offences — attempt (Criminal Attempts Act 1981), conspiracy (Criminal Law Act 1977), assisting or encouraging crime (Serious Crime Act 2007), and accessorial liability following R v Jogee [2016] UKSC 8.
ArchwilioRight to Buy and Leasehold Enfranchisement
How council and housing-association tenants exercise the statutory Right to Buy (Housing Act 1985 Part V), and how long leaseholders extend or buy the freehold under the Leasehold Reform Act 1967, LRHUDA 1993, CLRA 2002 — including the Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 reforms.
ArchwilioInheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975 Claims
How to challenge a will (or intestacy) on the basis that reasonable financial provision was not made for a spouse, civil partner, former spouse, cohabitant, child, or person treated as a child of the deceased.
ArchwilioInternational Child Abduction (Hague Convention 1980)
How the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction 1980 operates in the UK — left-behind parent applications, central authorities, the High Court Family Division procedure, and the defences (Article 13 — consent / acquiescence / grave risk / settled / child's objections).
ArchwilioSurrogacy and Parental Orders (HFEA 2008 s.54)
How surrogacy works in UK law — the legal status of intended parents, surrogate mother, and child; the parental-order route under s.54 of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008; and the Law Commission's 2023 reform proposals.
ArchwilioOnline Safety Act 2023 — duties, enforcement, and new criminal offences
Deep guide to the Online Safety Act 2023: which services are caught, the risk-assessment / safety-duty framework, the categorisation regime (Category 1, 2A, 2B), Ofcom's enforcement powers, and the new criminal offences (cyberflashing, threatening intimate-image abuse, deepfakes, false communications, encouraging self-harm).
ArchwilioAI Regulation in the UK
The UK's regulatory approach to artificial intelligence — the AI Regulation White Paper, sector-led regulator approach, the AI Safety Institute, post-Brexit divergence from the EU AI Act, and the proposed AI Bill expected in 2026.
ArchwilioConfiscation Orders under POCA 2002
How confiscation orders work in English criminal law — the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 Part 2, the criminal-lifestyle assumption, benefit and available amount calculations, the proportionality principle from Waya, enforcement, and post-conviction practice.
ArchwilioUK crypto-asset regulation — FSMA 2023, financial promotion regime, and the Travel Rule
Plain-English guide to the UK's evolving regulatory framework for crypto-assets: how the Financial Services and Markets Act 2023 expanded the FCA's perimeter to crypto, the financial promotion regime in force since October 2023, money-laundering registration, the Travel Rule, and HM Treasury's roadmap for the wider regulatory regime expected by 2026-2027.
ArchwilioForced Marriage and FGM Protection Orders — civil and criminal routes
The civil-protection toolkit (Forced Marriage Protection Orders and FGM Protection Orders) and the criminal offences for forced marriage and female genital mutilation. Includes safeguarding duties, ex parte applications, and routes through the Family Court and the criminal justice system.
ArchwilioCrown proceedings, Crown immunity, and state immunity — suing the State
How the Crown can be sued in tort and contract under the Crown Proceedings Act 1947, the residual immunities, the position of the police and other emanations of the Crown, and the separate regime of state immunity for foreign sovereigns under the State Immunity Act 1978.
ArchwilioCourt Martial and the Service Justice System — the military's parallel courts
How the Service Justice System works: the Court Martial, Summary Hearings, the Service Civilian Court, the Service Complaints Ombudsman, and the boundary between military and civilian jurisdiction over service personnel.
ArchwilioFreedom of Information Act 2000 — exemptions, public-interest balance, and appeals
How to make an FOI request, the principal exemptions (s.14 vexatious, s.21 reasonably accessible, s.30 investigations, s.36 effective conduct, s.40 personal data, s.41 confidence, s.43 commercial, s.44 statutory prohibition), the public-interest test, and the appeal route through the ICO and First-tier Tribunal (General Regulatory Chamber).
ArchwilioPublic Sector Equality Duty — section 149 Equality Act 2010
The general and specific duties under section 149 Equality Act 2010 — how the 'due regard' test works (Brown principles), the relationship with equality impact assessments, and how PSED is challenged in judicial review.
ArchwilioWell-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015
Wales-only statute requiring public bodies to act in accordance with the sustainable development principle and to set well-being objectives aligned with the seven national well-being goals. Includes the role of the Future Generations Commissioner for Wales and the five ways of working.
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