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Ymwadiad: Nid cyngor cyfreithiol yw hwn. Mae deddfwriaeth a chyfraith achosion yn newid. Ymgynghorwch bob amser â chyfreithiwr cymwys ar gyfer eich sefyllfa benodol.

UK Law Reference

Welsh translation. This page is translated from the canonical English version for general information. UK legal terms do not always translate exactly — check the English source for legal decisions and seek professional advice for important matters. The English page is authoritative.

Meysydd y Gyfraith

Trosolwg cynhwysfawr o bob maes cyfreithiol pwysig yng nghyfraith Lloegr.

125 topics

Core Private Law

Cyfraith Contractau

Ffurfio, telerau, torri a rhwymedïau mewn cytundebau cyfreithiol.

Cyfraith Camwedd

Camweddau sifil gan gynnwys esgeulustod, niwsans, enllib ac atebolrwydd.

Cyfraith Eiddo

Cyfraith tir, trawsgludo, prydlesi, morgeisi a hawliau eiddo deallusol.

Ecwiti ac Ymddiriedolaethau

Ymddiriedolaethau datganedig, canlyniadol ac adeiladol, dyletswyddau ymddiried a rhwymedïau ecwitïol.

Cyfraith Landlord a Thenant

Tenantiaethau preswyl a masnachol, amddiffyniad tenantiaid a gorchmynion meddiannu.

Cyfraith Cyd-fyw

Hawliau cyplau dibriod, anghydfodau eiddo, plant a diwedd perthynas.

Clinical Negligence

Legal framework for claims arising from substandard medical treatment, including the duty of care, the Bolam/Bolitho standard, causation, and informed consent.

Restitution and Unjust Enrichment

The law of restitution reverses unjust enrichment: a remedy where one party has been enriched at another's expense in circumstances the law considers unjust.

Partnership and Agency Law

The law governing partnerships (general and limited), limited liability partnerships, and the agency relationships through which businesses act.

Criminal Law

Cyfraith Droseddol

Troseddau yn erbyn personau ac eiddo, amddiffyniadau, dedfrydu a gweithdrefn droseddol.

Cyfraith Gwrth-derfysgaeth

Atal, ymchwilio ac erlyn terfysgaeth, gwahardd sefydliadau a TPIMau.

Cyfraith Dedfrydu

Canllawiau dedfrydu, dedfrydau carchar a chymunedol, ffactorau gwaethygu a lliniaru.

Twyll a Throseddau Economaidd

Troseddau twyll, gwyngalchu arian, llwgrwobrwyo ac elw troseddol.

Caethwasiaeth Fodern a Masnachu

Deddf Caethwasiaeth Fodern 2015, adnabod dioddefwyr a'r Mecanwaith Atgyfeirio Cenedlaethol.

Rheoleiddio Cyffuriau a Sylweddau

Dosbarthu a rheoli cyffuriau, troseddau cyffuriau a sylweddau seicoweithredol.

Sexual Offences

The law of rape, sexual assault, position-of-trust offences, image-based offences, and consent under the Sexual Offences Act 2003 and subsequent amendments.

Public Order Offences

Riot, violent disorder, affray, threatening behaviour, harassment, and protest-related offences under the Public Order Act 1986 and later amendments.

Criminal Defences (Self-Defence, Duress, Insanity & More)

The general defences in English criminal law: self-defence, duress, necessity, intoxication, insanity, diminished responsibility, automatism, loss of control, and consent — when they apply, the evidential burden, and how the prosecution rebuts them.

Mens Rea Doctrines (Intention, Recklessness, Negligence, Strict Liability)

The mental-element doctrines in English criminal law — direct and oblique intention (Woollin), subjective recklessness (Cunningham/G), negligence, and strict-liability offences. How each is proven and what the prosecution must establish.

Inchoate Offences and Accomplices (Attempt, Conspiracy, Aiding)

The 'incomplete' offences — attempt (Criminal Attempts Act 1981), conspiracy (Criminal Law Act 1977), assisting or encouraging crime (Serious Crime Act 2007), and accessorial liability following R v Jogee [2016] UKSC 8.

Confiscation Orders under POCA 2002

How confiscation orders work in English criminal law — the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 Part 2, the criminal-lifestyle assumption, benefit and available amount calculations, the proportionality principle from Waya, enforcement, and post-conviction practice.

Court Martial and the Service Justice System — the military's parallel courts

How the Service Justice System works: the Court Martial, Summary Hearings, the Service Civilian Court, the Service Complaints Ombudsman, and the boundary between military and civilian jurisdiction over service personnel.

Public & Constitutional

Cyfraith Gyhoeddus a Gweinyddol

Adolygiad barnwrol, pwerau cyrff cyhoeddus ac egwyddorion cyfiawnder gweinyddol.

Hawliau Dynol a Chyfraith yr UE

Deddf Hawliau Dynol 1998, hawliau'r ECHR a chyfraith yr UE a gadwyd ar ôl Brexit.

Cyfraith Gyfansoddiadol

Sofraniaeth seneddol, rheolaeth y gyfraith, gwahanu pwerau a datganoli.

Cyfraith Etholiadol a Gwleidyddol

Etholiadau, cyllido ymgyrchoedd, twyll etholiadol a rheoleiddio pleidiau.

Adolygiad Barnwrol

Herio penderfyniadau cyrff cyhoeddus, seiliau adolygu a rhwymedïau.

Cyfraith Llywodraeth Leol

Pwerau cynghorau, is-ddeddfau, treth cyngor, safonau a dyletswyddau.

Family & Personal

Cyfraith Teulu

Priodas, ysgariad, gwarchodaeth plant, mabwysiadu ac amddiffyn rhag cam-drin domestig.

Ewyllysiau a Phrofiant

Dosbarthu eiddo ar ôl marwolaeth, dilysrwydd ewyllys a rheolau diffyg ewyllys.

Cyfraith Iechyd Meddwl

Asesiad, cadw a thriniaeth personau â anhwylderau meddyliol.

Gofal Plant a Diogelu

Fframwaith gyfreithiol ar gyfer amddiffyn plant, achosion gofal a dyletswyddau diogelu.

Llys Gwarchod

Galluedd meddyliol, atwrneiaeth barhaol, dirprwyaeth a phenderfyniadau lles.

Commercial & Business

Cyfraith Cwmnïau a Masnachol

Ffurfio cwmnïau, dyletswyddau cyfarwyddwyr, ansolfedd a chyfraith partneriaeth.

Cyfraith Dreth

Treth incwm, TAW, enillion cyfalaf, treth gorfforaethol a phwerau CThEM.

Cyfraith Bancio a Chyllid

Rheoliadau FCA, credyd defnyddwyr, gwasanaethau ariannol a gwrth-wyngalchu arian.

Cyfraith Cystadleuaeth

Cytundebau gwrthgystadleuol, camddefnyddio safle dominyddol, uno a gorfodaeth CMA.

Cyfraith Yswiriant

Contractau yswiriant, dyletswydd cyflwyno teg, hawliadau a fframwaith rheoleiddio.

Cyfraith Ansolfedd

Ansolfedd corfforaethol a phersonol, gweinyddu, dirwyn i ben a threfniadau.

Rheoleiddio Gwasanaethau Ariannol

Rheoliadau FCA/PRA, awdurdodi, camddefnydd marchnad a chredyd defnyddwyr.

Cyfraith Manwerthu ac E-fasnach

Hawliau defnyddwyr mewn gwerthiannau ar-lein a siop, gwerthu o bell a chynnwys digidol.

Employment Law

Rights and obligations of employers and employees, including dismissal, discrimination, pay, and TUPE.

Commercial Law

The legal framework governing commercial transactions — the sale of goods, agency relationships, exclusion clauses, and international trade.

Property & Planning

Cyfraith Adeiladu

Contractau adeiladu, dyfarnu, diffygion, iechyd a diogelwch a chaffael.

Cyfraith Cynllunio

Caniatâd cynllunio, datblygiad a ganiateir, gorfodaeth, apeliadau ac effaith amgylcheddol.

Diogelwch Adeiladau

Diwygiadau ar ôl Grenfell, Deddf Diogelwch Adeiladau 2022 ac adfer cladio.

Tai Cymdeithasol

Dyrannu tai cymdeithasol, dyletswyddau digartrefedd, yr hawl i brynu a rheoleiddio.

Treftadaeth ac Adeiladau Rhestredig

Amddiffyn adeiladau rhestredig, ardaloedd cadwraeth a henebion.

Neighbour Disputes

Legal rights and remedies for disputes between neighbours, including noise, boundaries, overhanging trees, party walls, and anti-social behaviour.

Technology & Data

Diogelu Data a Phreifatrwydd

UK GDPR, Deddf Diogelu Data 2018, gorfodaeth ICO a hawliau.

Cyfraith Seiber a Thechnoleg

Seiberdroseddu, diogelwch ar-lein, rheoleiddio AI a masnach electronig.

Cyfraith Gwybodaeth

Rhyddid gwybodaeth, goruchwyliaeth a phwerau ymchwilio.

Cyfraith Telathrebu

Rheoleiddio cyfathrebiadau electronig, darlledu a thelathrebu.

Cyfraith AI a Thechnoleg

Rheoleiddio deallusrwydd artiffisial, atebolrwydd algorithmig a gwneud penderfyniadau awtomataidd.

Online Harassment Law

Criminal offences and civil remedies for stalking, harassment, intimate image abuse, and other harmful online conduct under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 and the Online Safety Act 2023.

Environment & Resources

Cyfraith Amgylcheddol

Rheoli llygredd, dyletswyddau hinsawdd, cynllunio a chadwraeth natur.

Lles Anifeiliaid a Chyfraith Amaethyddol

Amddiffyn anifeiliaid, rheoleiddio arferion ffermio a chymorthdaliadau ar ôl Brexit.

Cyfraith Ynni

Rheoleiddio ynni, Ofgem, ynni adnewyddadwy, niwclear a rhwymedigaethau sero net.

Cyfraith Dŵr a Charthffosiaeth

Rheoleiddio cyflenwad dŵr, carthffosiaeth, ansawdd dŵr a llygredd.

Gwastraff a Rheoleiddio Amgylcheddol

Dyletswydd gofal gwastraff, tipio anghyfreithlon, trwyddedau a thrwyddedu.

Immigration & Nationality

Cyfraith Mewnfudo a Lloches

Fisâu, ceisiadau lloches, allgludo, yr hawl i aros a thribiwnlysoedd.

Cyfraith Cenedligrwydd

Dinasyddiaeth Prydeinig, naturoli, amddifadu o ddinasyddiaeth a threftadaeth Windrush.

Cyfraith Ecstradodi

Deddf Ecstradodi 2003, ecstradodi a rhwystrau hawliau dynol.

Cyfraith Ffoaduriaid a Lloches

Confensiwn Ffoaduriaid, gweithdrefnau lloches a rheolau trydydd gwlad diogel.

Regulatory & Professional

Cyfraith Feddygol a Iechyd

Cydsyniad i driniaeth, esgeulustod clinigol, iechyd meddwl a hawliau cleifion.

Cyfraith Trwyddedu

Trwyddedau alcohol, adloniant, tacsis a hapchwarae.

Iechyd a Diogelwch

Dyletswyddau diogelwch yn y gweithle, gorfodaeth HSE, RIDDOR a dynladdiad corfforaethol.

Cyfraith Reoleiddiol

Rheoliadau FCA, CMA, Ofcom, Ofgem, rheoleiddio proffesiynol ac ymchwiliadau.

Food Safety & Standards

Regulation of food production, sale, and safety standards under the Food Safety Act 1990 and EU-retained law.

Disgyblu Proffesiynol

Achosion addasrwydd i ymarfer, tribiwnlysoedd rheoleiddiol a safonau proffesiynol.

Media & IP

Eiddo Deallusol

Patentau, nodau masnach, hawlfraint, hawliau dylunio a gorfodaeth ED.

Cyfraith y Cyfryngau

Rheoleiddio darlledu, rhyddid mynegiant, dirmyg a chyfyngiadau adrodd.

Defamation & Privacy

Law of libel, slander, and protection of private information including the Defamation Act 2013.

Consumer

Amddiffyn Defnyddwyr

Hawliau defnyddwyr, diogelwch cynnyrch, masnachu annheg a gorfodaeth CMA.

Debt Enforcement Law

The legal framework for enforcing civil court judgments and managing unmanageable debt, including bailiff powers, charging orders, attachment of earnings, and insolvency options.

Evidence & Procedure

Tystiolaeth a Gweithdrefn

Rheolau tystiolaeth, baich y prawf, gweithdrefn sifil a throseddol.

Civil Litigation

The procedural framework for resolving civil disputes in the courts of England & Wales, governed by the Civil Procedure Rules 1998.

Specialist

Cyfraith Addysg

Derbyniadau ysgol, anghenion addysgol arbennig, gwaharddiadau a llywodraethu academïau.

Cyfraith Les Cymdeithasol

Credyd Cynhwysol, budd-daliadau anabledd, apeliadau a thribiwnlysoedd.

Cyfraith Elusennau

Sefydlu elusennau, rheoliad y Comisiwn a dyletswyddau ymddiriedolwyr.

Cyfraith Pensiynau

Pensiynau gweithle, cofrestru awtomatig, cynlluniau pensiwn a'r Rheoleiddiwr.

Cymrodeddu ac ADR

Cymrodeddu, cyfryngu, dyfarnu a dulliau amgen o ddatrys anghydfodau.

Cyfraith Forwrol

Awdurdodaeth y llynges fasnach, cludo nwyddau dros y môr, achub a gwrthdrawiadau.

Cyfraith Filwrol

Disgyblaeth y lluoedd arfog, llys milwrol, cwynion gwasanaeth a chyfiawnder milwrol.

Cyfraith Chwaraeon

Rheoleiddio chwaraeon, gwrth-gyffuriau, gweithdrefnau disgyblu a hawliau darlledu.

Gwrthdaro Cyfreithiau

Awdurdodaeth, cyfraith berthnasol a chydnabod dyfarniadau tramor.

Cyfraith Caffael

Contractau cyhoeddus, Deddf Caffael 2023, rhwymedïau a chaffael sector.

Cyfraith Traffig Ffordd

Troseddau gyrru, yfed a gyrru, pwyntiau cosb a gofynion yswiriant.

Cyfraith Carchar a Pharôl

Carcharu, hawliau carcharorion, parôl, amodau trwydded a disgyblaeth.

Crwneriaid a Chwestau

Y fframwaith gyfreithiol ar gyfer ymchwilio i farwolaethau a gweithdrefn y cwest.

Cyfraith Hedfan a Thrafnidiaeth

Teithio awyr, hawliau teithwyr, rheoleiddio dronau a rheilffyrdd.

Cyfraith Hapchwarae

Trwyddedau hapchwarae, rheoleiddio betio ar-lein ac amddiffyn defnyddwyr.

Cyfraith Eglwysig

Cyfraith yr Eglwys yng Nghymru, awdurdodaeth cyfadran a rhyddid crefyddol.

Cyfraith Ryngwladol

Cytuniadau, cyfraith arferiadol, cyfraith ddyngarol, imiwnedd gwladwriaeth a braint diplomyddol.

Cydraddoldeb a Gwahaniaethu

Amddiffyniad rhag gwahaniaethu ar sail nodweddion gwarchodedig.

Pwerau'r Heddlu (PACE)

Chwilio a stopio, arestio, cadw a ymchwilio o dan PACE 1984.

Cyfraith Claddu ac Amlosgi

Gofynion cyfreithiol ar gyfer claddu, amlosgi, datgladdu a rheoli mynwentydd.

Commercial Law

Bills of Exchange and Negotiable Instruments

The law of bills of exchange, promissory notes, cheques, and other negotiable instruments under the Bills of Exchange Act 1882 and Cheques Act 1957.

Constitutional & Public Law

EU Retained Law (Assimilated Law)

What 'retained EU law' is, how it has been re-labelled 'assimilated law' under the REUL Act 2023, and what remains in force.

Scots Private Law

Scots Delict (Civil Wrongs)

The Scots law of delict — the doctrine governing civil wrongs, broadly analogous to English tort but with distinct concepts of culpa, damnum, and proximity.

Scots Criminal Law

Scottish Criminal Procedure

The structure of summary and solemn procedure in Scotland — Sheriff Court, High Court of Justiciary, the 'not proven' verdict, and the corroboration rule.

Scots Property Law

Scots Land Law and the Land Register

Scottish conveyancing — the abolition of feudal tenure, the Land Register of Scotland, and how Scots land law differs from English property law.

Scottish Housing Law

The 'Private Residential Tenancy' under the Private Housing (Tenancies) (Scotland) Act 2016, Scottish secure tenancies, and possession in Scotland.

Scots Family Law

Scots Family Law

Marriage, divorce, civil partnership, financial provision, and children — Scots family law and how it differs from the position in England & Wales.

NI Constitutional & Public Law

Northern Ireland Constitutional Framework

The Good Friday Agreement, the Northern Ireland Act 1998, and the constitutional position of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom.

Northern Ireland Court Structure

The structure of the NI courts: Magistrates' Court, County Court, Crown Court, High Court of NI, NI Court of Appeal, and the Supreme Court.

NI Property Law

Northern Ireland Private Tenancies

Northern Ireland's distinctive private rented sector regime — the Private Tenancies (NI) Order 2006 and Private Tenancies Act (NI) 2022.

Welsh Property Law

Welsh Occupation Contracts (Renting Homes Wales)

Wales's distinctive private rented sector regime under the Renting Homes (Wales) Act 2016 — replacing assured shorthold tenancies with occupation contracts.

Welsh Constitutional & Public Law

Welsh Language Rights and Standards

Welsh language as an official language of Wales — the Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011, Welsh Language Standards, and the role of the Welsh Language Commissioner.

Welsh Public Law

Welsh Social Services and Care (SSWB Act 2014)

The Social Services and Well-being (Wales) Act 2014 — Wales's distinctive social-care framework, well-being duties, and assessment regime.

Employment Law

Gig Economy and Worker Status

How English employment law classifies people who work in the 'gig economy' — employee, worker (limb (b)), self-employed — and the rights that follow. Covers Uber BV v Aslam, Pimlico Plumbers, Deliveroo, and the IR35 tax-side treatment.

Social Welfare Law

PIP and Universal Credit Appeals

How to challenge a DWP decision on Personal Independence Payment (PIP), Universal Credit (UC), and other social-security benefits — Mandatory Reconsideration, then First-tier Tribunal (Social Entitlement Chamber), then the Upper Tribunal (AAC).

Civil Procedure

Civil Evidence and Procedure

Evidence rules in civil litigation under English law — hearsay (Civil Evidence Act 1995), expert evidence (CPR Part 35), disclosure (Standard, Issues-based, Model), witness statements (CPR Part 32), without prejudice privilege, and legal professional privilege.

Housing & Property

Right to Buy and Leasehold Enfranchisement

How council and housing-association tenants exercise the statutory Right to Buy (Housing Act 1985 Part V), and how long leaseholders extend or buy the freehold under the Leasehold Reform Act 1967, LRHUDA 1993, CLRA 2002 — including the Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 reforms.

Wills, Probate & Succession

Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975 Claims

How to challenge a will (or intestacy) on the basis that reasonable financial provision was not made for a spouse, civil partner, former spouse, cohabitant, child, or person treated as a child of the deceased.

Family Law

International Child Abduction (Hague Convention 1980)

How the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction 1980 operates in the UK — left-behind parent applications, central authorities, the High Court Family Division procedure, and the defences (Article 13 — consent / acquiescence / grave risk / settled / child's objections).

Surrogacy and Parental Orders (HFEA 2008 s.54)

How surrogacy works in UK law — the legal status of intended parents, surrogate mother, and child; the parental-order route under s.54 of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008; and the Law Commission's 2023 reform proposals.

Forced Marriage and FGM Protection Orders — civil and criminal routes

The civil-protection toolkit (Forced Marriage Protection Orders and FGM Protection Orders) and the criminal offences for forced marriage and female genital mutilation. Includes safeguarding duties, ex parte applications, and routes through the Family Court and the criminal justice system.

Online Regulation

Online Safety Act 2023 — duties, enforcement, and new criminal offences

Deep guide to the Online Safety Act 2023: which services are caught, the risk-assessment / safety-duty framework, the categorisation regime (Category 1, 2A, 2B), Ofcom's enforcement powers, and the new criminal offences (cyberflashing, threatening intimate-image abuse, deepfakes, false communications, encouraging self-harm).

Technology & AI Law

AI Regulation in the UK

The UK's regulatory approach to artificial intelligence — the AI Regulation White Paper, sector-led regulator approach, the AI Safety Institute, post-Brexit divergence from the EU AI Act, and the proposed AI Bill expected in 2026.

Financial Services

UK crypto-asset regulation — FSMA 2023, financial promotion regime, and the Travel Rule

Plain-English guide to the UK's evolving regulatory framework for crypto-assets: how the Financial Services and Markets Act 2023 expanded the FCA's perimeter to crypto, the financial promotion regime in force since October 2023, money-laundering registration, the Travel Rule, and HM Treasury's roadmap for the wider regulatory regime expected by 2026-2027.

Public Law

Crown proceedings, Crown immunity, and state immunity — suing the State

How the Crown can be sued in tort and contract under the Crown Proceedings Act 1947, the residual immunities, the position of the police and other emanations of the Crown, and the separate regime of state immunity for foreign sovereigns under the State Immunity Act 1978.

Information Law

Freedom of Information Act 2000 — exemptions, public-interest balance, and appeals

How to make an FOI request, the principal exemptions (s.14 vexatious, s.21 reasonably accessible, s.30 investigations, s.36 effective conduct, s.40 personal data, s.41 confidence, s.43 commercial, s.44 statutory prohibition), the public-interest test, and the appeal route through the ICO and First-tier Tribunal (General Regulatory Chamber).

Equality Law

Public Sector Equality Duty — section 149 Equality Act 2010

The general and specific duties under section 149 Equality Act 2010 — how the 'due regard' test works (Brown principles), the relationship with equality impact assessments, and how PSED is challenged in judicial review.

Devolved Law (Wales)

Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015

Wales-only statute requiring public bodies to act in accordance with the sustainable development principle and to set well-being objectives aligned with the seven national well-being goals. Includes the role of the Future Generations Commissioner for Wales and the five ways of working.